Victimology: Crime and Deviant Place Theory

Victimology: neither a victim nor an offender be. Caution is a parent of safety. Victimology is the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal-justice system, and the connections between victims and other social groups and institutions. Victimology as an academic term contains two elements: one is the Latin word â€Å"Victima† which translates into â€Å"victim† and the other is the Greek word â€Å"logos† which means a system of knowledge, the direction of something abstract, the direction of teaching, science, and a discipline.The concept of victim dates back to ancient cultures and civilizations, such as the ancient Hebrews. Its original meaning was rooted in the idea of sacrifice or scapegoat — the execution or casting out of a person or animal to satisfy a deity or hierarchy. Over the centuries, the word victim came to have additional meanings. The fie ld of victimology emerged in the 1940s when two European criminologists named Von Hentig and Mendelsohn, often called the â€Å"fathers of victimology,† began studying crime victims. They suggested the theory that the victim's behavior and attitude caused the crime to be committed.The field of victimology originally devoted most of its energy to examining the numerous ways victims shared the responsibility of specific crimes with the criminal offenders. For a long time, criminologists focused their attention strictly on the role of the criminal. But over the years, it has been discovered that the role of the victim is actually very important as well, as it can influence fate and shape and motivate a criminal. Today, there are a number of theories attempting to explain victimization and its causes.A few of the most common and important theories are the victim precipitation theory, the lifestyle theory and the deviant place theory. The victim precipitation theory suggests that some people cause or initiate a particular confrontation that may eventually lead to that person becoming victimized by injury or death. Such precipitation on part of the victim can either be active or passive. Active precipitation exists when the victim knowingly acts in a provocative manner, uses fighting words or threats, or simply attacks first.Passive precipitation however, occurs when the victim contains characteristics that unknowingly motivates or threatens the attacker. Such crimes can exist due to personal conflicts such as two individuals competing for a love interest, a promotion, a job, or any other desirable or rare commodity. A woman may receive a promotion and become a victim of violence because of the jealousy of someone she may or may not even know. Such precipitation may also exist when a victim is part of a particular group that offends or threatens someone's economic well-being, status or reputation. Next is the lifestyle theory.Many criminologists believe that those whose lifestyle increases criminal exposure are more likely to become victims of crime. Behaviors such as going out late at night, associating with younger men, and residing in cities increases the chances of falling victim to crime. Those who choose high-risk lifestyles which include taking drugs, drinking, and participating in criminal activities run a much higher risk of becoming victims. Also, the more time someone is exposed to street life, the greater their chance of becoming victims. Young men in particular have a very high risk of victimization.College students who tend to spend several nights partying each week are also more likely to be at risk than those who avoid such unstable lifestyles. Those who commit crimes increase their chances of becoming victim of crimes as well. Another theory is the deviant place theory. This theory holds that victims do not motivate crime but rather are prone to becoming victims simply because they live in social areas that are disorgan ized and contain high-crime rates and therefore have the highest risk of coming into contact with criminals regardless of their lifestyle or behavior.The more someone visits a high-crime area, the more chances they will have at becoming a victim. However, there is a lot we can do to prevent ourselves from being a victim. Some of the ways to prevent yourself from being victimized are: protect your vulnerability, be careful about the company you keep, lock up your valuables, spend some extra money on security. These are just a few of the things an individual can do to protect themselves from becoming victims of crimes. They may seem easy, yet not everyone takes advantage of the precautions.To protect your vulnerability basically means to not let your guard down in front of too many people that you do not know on a personal level. Do not allow yourself to become involved in anything where anyone may have the chance to blackmail you. Live your life in reproach and protect your reputatio n. Protecting your vulnerability ties in with being careful about the company you keep. Keep a small group of friends instead of letting yourself become impersonally involved with large groups of individuals. In addition, do not let strangers enter your home.Sometimes when an individual’s car breaks down they may need to use the phone, well if this ever happens to you, ask them what number they want to dial and you dial it for them. Also, developing a pattern of behavior allows bad guys to plan an attack or ambush, to track someone’s comings and goings. So they can plan when they can safely break into apartment. The time variation of coming and going, routes to work, school, gym or sometimes even coffeehouse seems to be solution to some extent. President Barack Obama goes for a run, or even travels anywhere, he never goes the same route twice.Sometimes we become a victim of situation. For example, you leave work late one night, and get stuck in the elevator, long every one else has gone home; you fall asleep on the subway and wake up lost; you get in a car wreck and skid off the road, down a 200 foot hill into a ravine, hidden from sight of the road. For that reason letting someone know when you are doing something different or going someplace you have not been before is probably would be better. It goes without saying that some of the crimes we attracting when we look like a potential target.Victims of violent crimes like a mugging or robbery call attention to themselves by either being oblivious to their surroundings or by looking helpless. It reminds one joke about attention that tells: â€Å"You probably won’t be robbed by screaming out ‘Rob Me! ’ but you definitely will be by walking and texting at the same time†. It is not a paradox but underworld has more victims than anything else.People who involve themselves in criminal activities for example such as fraud, assault, forgery, manslaughter, terrorism, robbery etc .  considered to be at the high risk to be a victim. Some of them become addicts or have nothing but debts to the old age and others found dead somewhere. Criminal world has his own fictional rules, which creates a vision of order and stability for â€Å"beginners† but in return of unquestioning obedience. Of course living by such â€Å"rules† breaks our real laws approved by society and government. But the thing is law enforcement’s chances to help if you are in criminal world become null and void.So even someday if you will be ready to get rid of a criminal past, criminal past probably will not be ready to let you go. From my point of view, today when we are living in technologically developed era proverb as â€Å"Caution is a parent of safety† should be taken into account more seriously. Consciously involving in criminal activities means big percentage of ending up dead or at least in jail because it is easier to trace illegal actions now, but at the same time naked photo of yours could be seen everywhere once you put it on Facebook.

4 main threats to Antarctica

Tourism: Strange as it may be Antarctica is gradually developing into a popular tourist destination. This is because people who have been around the world and seen places like Niagara falls and Ayers rock and other natural phenomena's like the idea of going to Antarctica and getting photos of penguins etc. The problem with this is that it upsets the local wildlife and can make disrupt mating season with certain species. Some of the ecosystems are so delicate that even the slightest human interference might disrupt them. These ecosystems must be protected at all costs and to protect them we cannot have tourists looking at them taking pictures getting involved with these animals who until recently had never seen a human before. Another bad thing about humans is wherever we go we tend to leave a mess and litter could severely damage the environment. Can you imagine a lichen/moss has taken hundreds of years to grow to finally get above the ice and survive only for a human to step on it and kill it? This is something that we cannot risk but tourism has a plus side. For instance it will provide another source of income that could help scientific equerries and if the proposed tourist building is built it will allow the scientists to work and do something different apart from research. It is hoped that this building would help tourism to expand from the present 2500 tourists a year. But how to protect animals from tourists? Is a very good question and a set of rules has been developed so that visitors can get a good experience without disturbing the wildlife too much. There is not much we can do to discourage tourism but we can set a limit to the amount of people allowed on the continent and make sure that they f ollow a set of guidelines so that they do not interfere with the wildlife. Mining: This is another big threat because things like oil and coal and minerals like copper and iron will not last forever. And the problem is that Antarctica has the worlds' largest coal deposits and possibly huge stores of oil that could be used to extract tens of billions of barrels of oil. It also contains several large deposits of iron ore and even some of gold and silver. This leaves a dilemma because if the resources run out then Antarctica could well be the answer to the problems but; there are many downsides to mining in Antarctica. It would be very, very expensive because all food, water and equipment would have to be imported and then on top of that the minerals would have to be exported but to where, and how? It is a very hard problem to resolve. As well as the problem with transport as hard as that is obtaining the minerals. Most are buried beneath tonnes of ice and it would be extremely dangerous trying to retrieve them. Another point is that the minerals and coal are very low quality and not worth risking lives and money for. The treaty has banned mining for 50 years and even after that time it may not even be considered. But by that time someone may have developed a way of getting the materials cheaply and quickly who can tell? Currently there seems no need for a solution so it is not yet a problem but some time in the future it may be so we have to be prepare. Global warming: this is a big threat because if the ice caps were to melt then sea levels would definitely rise considerably. Also it is not just melting ice caps that are dangerous but moving ice caps. Huge sections of ice are breaking off from the main mass of ice and drifting away on the currents. Could you imagine what would happen if a section of ice with a colony of penguins went floating away to a warmer continent where they could not find food? It is unsatisfactory but at the present time there is nothing we can do to completely halt global warming but reducing will help slow down the melting ice although there is little that can be done. Fishing: There is a danger that krill and other small fish will be over fished and that mean a huge danger for all the animals in the Antarctic. Krill provide food for nearly every sea animal and if they are over fished then the other will starve. This means that the krill must be protected at all costs and made sure that their numbers are not allowed to drop. It takes 20 years for a fish to mature and so over fishing is a great danger. By lowering fishing quotas and the time the boats are allowed to fish in the waters will help to keep up krill numbers and not over fish. Opinions: we interviewed several different people and asked what they thought about the Antarctic and what should be done. Japanese whale hunter: ‘Hunting whales is my livelihood and my family and I would starve if I couldn't hunt whales. Around the Antarctic there are lots of whales and we should be able to hunt them. I know we may put them in danger but there would be too many jobs lost if we weren't allowed to do it.' Australian fisherman: ‘I know that over fishing is a danger but we have to get enough fish to make money. I agree limiting the fish quota would help stop over fishing but they must not lower the fishing quota too much or we won't be able to make any money.' Scientist: ‘I am totally against any form of development, mining and even tourism because Antarctica, as the last wilderness on earth, cannot afford to be ruined by human corruption. If we allow too many tourists too come or too many fish to be caught then the whole eco-system that has survived for so long with no human interference will collapse.' Politician: ‘It is my view that eventually some development on Antarctica should be considered but for now we should look to preserve it. Although it will require an income and many people may not get as much pay as they did this cannot be helped if he purity that is Antarctica is to be kept safe. In my opinion I believe that Antarctica should be kept the way it is although maybe making it into a huge wildlife preserve or a world park seem like very reasonable ideas. Every precaution must be taken to prevent over fishing and the animals life from being disturbed. I leave you with this thought. In a hundred years the world's population could have doubled and every spare inch of land will be taken up by housing. Would you see a place like Antarctica filled up with houses? It may happen; so I suggest we try to keep it perfect while we still can and try to find out as much as we can before it's too late.

Change Management in the Learning Organization Essay Example for Free

Change Management in the Learning Organization Essay Organization (1318) , Structure (56) In this paper I intend to discuss change management approaches that support the learning organization philosophy. The learning organization is defined as an organization that acquires knowledge and innovates fast enough to survive and thrive in a rapidly changing environment. Learning organizations (1) create a culture that encourages and supports continuous employee learning, critical thinking, and risk taking with new ideas, (2) allow mistakes, and value employee contributions, (3) learn from experience and experiment, and (4) disseminate the new knowledge throughout the organization for incorporation into day-to-day activities. On the other hand we have a process called change management which is defined as minimizing resistance to organizational change through involvement of key players and stakeholders. At my organization these two go hand in hand and it allows for us as a company to experience constant growth and development of our staff. Our employees are more willing to welcome change when we train them in the process. As businesses moves through the 21st century, they are becoming more dependent upon their managers to be change agents. These companies actually seek managers who can bring success to their organizations. Three of the characteristics we look for in our new managers are they must have the ability to stimulate change, excellent planning capabilities, and ethics. Over the years I have spent in management I have learned that success in  becoming a learning organization relies on a commitment to learning on the part of the organizations I have worked for and the willingness of the individuals involved to be receptive to the change process. As a manager, what we usually can change falls into basically three categories; people, structure, or technology. An efficient manager will make alterations in these areas in an attempt to facilitate change. With people the change involves adjusting attitudes, expectations, perceptions, and probably most importantly behavior. Coaching people to adjust in these areas will help employees within the organization to work together more effectively. Changing structure relates to the job design, specialization, hierarchy and any other structural variables. These usually need to be flexible and non-static in order to be adaptable to change. When dealing with technological change we are looking at modifying work processes and methods along with the introduction of new equipment. To me learning organizations support the change process just as much as change management supports the learning organization philosophy. I say that because every change calls for some sort of learning as the more comprehensive the change the more attention we have to place on learning for the individuals involved in the change. By utilizing the learning organizations philosophies companies including the one I work for are able to magnify the potential of its employees which keeps them growing. Learning in action: a guide to putting the learning organization to work/ David A. Garvin Change Management in the Learning Organization. (2016, Aug 06). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Management Information systems- Business company system Essay

Management Information systems- Business company system - Essay Example The objective of this shop is to sell sweets & cupcakes. Amal Saif started the business with help of her family since December 2008. â€Å"Amal Saif â€Å"is the owner of the shop and she has 2 employees who assist her in cooking & sale and take orders. And they are making a great repute amongst customer. Vision: The company’s core mission is to provide its customers a verity in sweets market. In the current age of globalization, the taste buds are acquiring some thing new almost every day. Food and food production are affecting our surroundings and capturing us in subtle and profound ways. Our food choices changes every day and with every individual it is now far more beyond only filling your appetite. Mini treats vision goes beyond daily bread to working more mindfully and providing the living community the better taste and especially making their sweet moments pleasurable with our wide range of sweets and cup cakes. Mission: Mini treats is totally an environmental based c ompany working towards the satisfaction of its customer. Our core mission is to provide the best and the quality in our sweets also making it assure that they are according to the taste of all age levels. The sweets we provide must cover all the health measures. We also ensure that we follow and restrict our self in making environment clean and healthy. Information Systems Strategy: A very basic information system (a simple desktop computer as hardware and Ms excel to keep the record) is in use at Mini Treats as it is a small company and having only three employees that’s the whole works is divided between all three so the owner takes control of all the transaction like she answer calls to take orders she write everything in a note book. And at the end of the day she put it in the excel program. In that way she knows the daily sales. Moreover she has a contract with three suppliers. One supplier for flour, sugar, oil, Milk & butter, second supplier is for sweet flavors and de coration colors and the third supplier is for cakes boxes. Stakeholders Who are the stakeholders of the project? There are two main stakeholder the group is currently working on the project and the initiative department of that project is the basic stake holder as they acquired all the information regarding the under discussion company. What are their roles and responsibilities? The major role of the group is to do a complete analysis of the company and its undergone information system and suggesting the right measures to take to grow its business by a little investing. What are their information requirements? The information is acquired by the stake holder is the complete history of the company. The products it is selling and the information system it is using. Is it on a manual system or a little bit of information technology it is using. All the suppliers of the company must be clearly mentioned so that they will be helpful in designing a complete and effective management system. Current System: Mini treats is using a manual system. Though it does have computer and Microsoft excel in use but the whole process is still done manually as the owner of the company keep the record of daily order in a note book and at the end of the day she enters in the Excel sheet. The company also has suppliers of food products so the owner has to keep the record of all the transaction manually. She called them when to make a new order. And then keep the record of

Economic Theories. Explain the key theories of Adam Smith relating to Essay

Economic Theories. Explain the key theories of Adam Smith relating to the free market the 'invisible hand' non-intervention - Essay Example In addition, the philosophy of the unrestricted free markets does not deal with the language of the fixed price because the price of the goods on it changes in part. The unrestricted free market decides the prices of the goods in order to create a fair price for both the customer and the seller (Smith 2013, 23). The Rules that the unrestricted free markets follow is the right to control property, transfer property one by one voluntarily, refrain from using force, and the right to establish contracts. The unrestricted free markets nowadays are popular in that they exist in every place. Good examples of the unrestricted free market are the oil free market, and the black market. For instance, concerning the oil free market, it is referred to as unrestricted free market because the oil has variable values that changes from period to another depending on the events that happens every day in the political or economic world so it is not restricted with the policy of the free market. The ide a of invisible hand is applicable to the man’s natural behavior towards self-interest. Therefore, by allowing every person freedom to generate and exchange services and goods as they want, and opening all markets to fair competition, the business will thrive. In turn, this will bring universal populace since every effort from the people would be appreciated. Smith argued that in order to bring about prosperity, people needed to work hard and enlightened because this act of enlightened self-interest was common to majority of individuals. In addition, Smith needed people to have the potential to think about long-term business since it would curb customer exploitation (Smith 2013, 32). Explain why in Smith’s view the division of labor would benefit society and bring prosperity to workers and capitalist producers The focus of Adam Smith ideas rested on economic growth. According to Smith, economic growth is entrenched in division of labor. The idea of division of labor rel ates to specialization of labor particularly downsizing large jobs into many tiny units. When there is division of labor, each laborer or worker becomes an expert in one area of production, which in turn increases the workers efficiency. Division of labor benefits the society since the fact that workers do not need to switch or change tasks during working hours saves money and time. However, Smith warned against forcing or coercing people to perform repetitious and mundane work because it led to dissatisfied work and ignorance among workers. In a response to this, Smith urged governments to offer education to employees so that they could acquire necessary skills and expertise in specific works. Education was significant because it could curb the deleterious influences of industry life. Division of labor meant giving each employee a specific work that marches or suits them. Adam Smith asserted that having employees perform specialized works led to increased productivity this is becau se it is easy to allocate tasks in accordance with worker’s specific skills. For example, an employee who is skilled in dealing with numbers performs better on inventory control than a worker who is not (Smith 2013, 78). In addition, division of labor leads to technical efficiency because it decreases transition time between work and tasks. Division of labor

Qantas Airline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Qantas Airline - Essay Example It also included information about the competitors of Qantas and whether they were facing the same problem. It also discussed about other International affairs connected to problem. History: Qantas Airline established in the Queensland back in 1920, registered originally as the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited (QANTAS) building a reputation in safety, operational reliability, engineering and maintenance, and customer service. Qantas is widely regarded as the world's leading international airline and one of the strongest brands in Australia. It also operates subsidiary businesses including other airlines, and businesses in specialist markets such as Qantas Holidays and Qantas Flight Catering. By 1995, the year in which Qantas celebrated its 75th anniversary, the vision of the two young war pilots who founded their bush air service in 1920 had evolved into one of the world's great airlines (wekipedia.org, 2006). Some of the airline's important recent achievements include the 50th anniversary of full Qantas services on the Kangaroo route between Australia and United Kingdom and the 50th anniversary of services to Japan in 1997. Developments: The future holds many challenges for Qantas - maintaining safe operations and world-class product standards while building a viable and competitive position long term for the airline. In December 1992 the Government announced that British Airways had successfully bid AUD 665 million for 25 per cent of Qantas. In February 1993 Qantas received 1.35 billion AUD capital injections from the Government. The British Airways purchase was completed in March 1993, setting the stage for partnership arrangements in many areas to achieve economies of scale. The following month the Qantas board decided to merge Qantas and Australian under the banner Qantas - 'The Australian Airline' (www.qantas.com.au, 2006). The airline sharply increased capacity allocated to Australian domestic routes to meet market growth and win back market share. It introduced a new cabin design for the core fleet as part of a comprehensive product update that also featured more comfortable seats, new menus and uniforms and expanded airport lounges. Problem: By the end of November 2005, sales of domestic section of Qantas International Airlines started decreasing by the rate of 2% (Nine MSN News, 2006). That was a huge disaster for the big giant of Australian economy. The inflation graph for Australia just got a straight line in it after that. Economy class as well as corporate level consumers starts to shift themselves to other airlines such as virgin airlines and others. When it comes to sales, this is a huge disastrous point for the administration and what's beyond that is presented in this marketing research report and I tried my best to put everything relevant to this issue in this paper. Research Question: Why sales of Qantas started decreasing in 2006 What are the factors that are affecting the strong market giant of Australia's business Are competitors of Qantas are facing the same problem Is there any other International affair is connected to that problem Research Design: My research will revolve around a typical survey questionnaire (Appendix A) that will be given to people who opted Qantas as

Interpersonal Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interpersonal Styles - Essay Example She had to wake up early in the morning to settle the personal activities. She had make food for the kids, ready them and leave them to school. After settling with the children, she had to arrange to join the work. As a railway accounts clerk, she has various sensitive responsibilities to maintain the accounts records proficiently and accurately. She has to keep extreme presence of mind and sharp thinking capability, which are essential to deliver competitive work performance. The proper maintenance and updating of accounting records are very much essential for building competitive advantage and for the profitable growth of the organization. Linda hobbies are to read various kinds of food making books. She also read those books because she is fond of cooking. In free time, she used to watch comedy and reality shows for reviving from stress and recreation. She had two Kids named Lina and Tom who are fond of watching cartoon shows, which inherits them with enjoyment and happiness in their life. Linda use to be formal in wear with gowns and sandals in professional place whereas at home and other social events she puts on casual appearance with jeans, t-shirts and boots. Kids have variation in dresses in relation to school and other places. In school, Tom used to be dressed with yellow T-shirts and white pants whereas Lina puts on frocks. Linda and her two kids Lina and Tom have shown varied differences in their interpersonal styles. Three of the individuals as human nature vary according to the psychological effects that arise in their life. Lina shows assertive interpersonal style when her mother does not call her to go to school. She used to enjoy and play with her friends the whole day. Her mother brings various toys to play and comedy books for reading for the children. Conversely, shows aggressive interpersonal styles when one of the above requirements are not fulfilled.

Literary Criticism Essay on the novel Atonement by Ian McEwan

Literary Criticism on the novel Atonement by Ian McEwan - Essay Example This essay discusses that from a formalistic theory of literature vantage point, the way in which McEwan uses grammar and syntax is developed to create a definitive undertone for the story and characters. As Briony is introduced, the writing has a tempo that is a bit staccato. One can feel her personality through the overuse of adjectives and descriptivism in order to emit the precocious, dramatic personality of a thirteen-year-old girl embroiled in the complexity of experiences that she was not yet able to process. â€Å"Briony was hard to know it then, but this was the project's highest point of fulfillment. Nothing came near it for satisfaction, all else was dreams and frustration.† In conclusion, as the story is told, the use of words creates the proper moods and enhances the characterizations. As the consequences of actions are played through, the dilemma of the writer is characterized. â€Å"The problem these fifty-nine years has been this: how can a novelist achieve atonement when, with her absolute power of deciding outcomes, she is also God?† As the reader becomes involved and inserts his or her own experiences into the consequences of the novel, nuances of viewpoint change the way in which the reader will respond. As well, the universal symbolism that utilizes helps to clearly define the journey that is undertaken. As the different literary theories are examined in context, the novel, Atonement, by Ian McEwan becomes a tapestry of emotional content that touches on universal themes.

The Machinations of International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Machinations of International Trade - Essay Example The UK has not ratified the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the Convention)2 which places the UK in an anomalous position vis-à  -vis its primary trading partners, often leading to pressure to accept the law of a contracting party that is a signatory to the Convention3. This has led to a marked difference between the approach in international trade law to contract termination and buyer remedies under the Convention, in contrast to the position under CIF and FOB contracts, where the role of documents is paramount to obligations of the trading parties4. Firstly, with regard to the certificate of origin, under CIF contracts, the part of the seller’s primary obligation is to ensure goods, deliver them to the shipping company and arrange for freight of goods5. Arguably most important is the bill of lading, which is essentially a transport document and covers movement by sea and constitutes documents of title and evidence as to who has the title, which is vital to obligations under CIF and FOB contracts6. If a bill of lading is consigned to a named party, they are known as â€Å"straight consigned†7. Moreover, bills of lading can be categorized according to the mode of transport specified under the contract8. For example, marine bills of lading cover shipment by sea and can be issued by the shipping company, captain or master of the vessel or party acting as agents for the carrier9. Alternatively, the â€Å"received for shipment† bill of lading pieces of evidence receipt of goods by the issuer, however, does not evidence that goods are en route10. Finally, â€Å"shipped on board† bills of lading constitute evidence.