Politics in Animal Farm Essay -- Animal Farm

Politics in Animal Farm  Ã‚   In George Orwell’s Animal Farm we get a glimpse of a strange switch in totalitarian rule.   From Mr. Jones a cruel farmer who feeds his animals to little and works them to hard, to Napolean a pig that will have you killed for a bottle of liquor.   Through stupidity, narrow mindedness and pure cowardice of some animals we view the inevitable as the farm animals become ruled by pigs.   Old Major probably not the first animal to think of as an animal to ruin a utopia for the farm, is in most cases not a favored example to contribute to the pigs takeover.   This pig finally near the end of his better than average life chose to create a rebellion against the then in power Mr. Jones.   A truly justifiable act executed in a time to late, for Major died to soon to lead the farm.   If Old Major had summed up an ounce of courage in his closer to piglet years further and earlier then his dying days the animals might have had a chance of a better life.   Old Major can be see n as him being a late coward having what is thought on the farm to be a good life trying to end it a false legend or maybe Old Major was a slow hero wanting to leave a better life for his friends.   Still though we should agree that for Old Major’s failing action or neglect was the time he chose to start a rebellion, in the few days before he died. At one point in the story Napolean takes pups from a dog mother, this would seem strange to most parents a person wanting to raise your children in private without any visitation on the parent’s part, but yet this goes uncontested by the dogs who just seem to think nothing of it.   If the dogs had given Napolean contest to him taking the pups, maybe ... ...their greedy eyes they saw no reason to save the other farm animals.   The book gives as little evidence of any pig showing protest to Napoleon’s actions except of course Snowball and the other three executed pigs. Old Major chose a poor time to launch a rebellion.   The dogs showed little care for the outcome of their pups’ upbringing.   The hens’ independence could be seen as a bad action to the taking over of the farm.   If the sheep were genetically smarter the story’s course could have been changed.   Boxer’s tolerance of the pigs could have been a factor leading to his death.   Benjamin’s negligence could have been the downfall of the farm.   Lastly the remaining pigs selfishness is a contribution leading to the worse then average life of the farm animals.   All these animals were responsible for the pigs’ dictatorship.    Politics in Animal Farm Essay -- Animal Farm Politics in Animal Farm  Ã‚   In George Orwell’s Animal Farm we get a glimpse of a strange switch in totalitarian rule.   From Mr. Jones a cruel farmer who feeds his animals to little and works them to hard, to Napolean a pig that will have you killed for a bottle of liquor.   Through stupidity, narrow mindedness and pure cowardice of some animals we view the inevitable as the farm animals become ruled by pigs.   Old Major probably not the first animal to think of as an animal to ruin a utopia for the farm, is in most cases not a favored example to contribute to the pigs takeover.   This pig finally near the end of his better than average life chose to create a rebellion against the then in power Mr. Jones.   A truly justifiable act executed in a time to late, for Major died to soon to lead the farm.   If Old Major had summed up an ounce of courage in his closer to piglet years further and earlier then his dying days the animals might have had a chance of a better life.   Old Major can be see n as him being a late coward having what is thought on the farm to be a good life trying to end it a false legend or maybe Old Major was a slow hero wanting to leave a better life for his friends.   Still though we should agree that for Old Major’s failing action or neglect was the time he chose to start a rebellion, in the few days before he died. At one point in the story Napolean takes pups from a dog mother, this would seem strange to most parents a person wanting to raise your children in private without any visitation on the parent’s part, but yet this goes uncontested by the dogs who just seem to think nothing of it.   If the dogs had given Napolean contest to him taking the pups, maybe ... ...their greedy eyes they saw no reason to save the other farm animals.   The book gives as little evidence of any pig showing protest to Napoleon’s actions except of course Snowball and the other three executed pigs. Old Major chose a poor time to launch a rebellion.   The dogs showed little care for the outcome of their pups’ upbringing.   The hens’ independence could be seen as a bad action to the taking over of the farm.   If the sheep were genetically smarter the story’s course could have been changed.   Boxer’s tolerance of the pigs could have been a factor leading to his death.   Benjamin’s negligence could have been the downfall of the farm.   Lastly the remaining pigs selfishness is a contribution leading to the worse then average life of the farm animals.   All these animals were responsible for the pigs’ dictatorship.   

Why Are There So Few Men In Nursing? Essay -- Nursing

Among twenty leading female-dominated professions, registered nurses (RN’s) are the second most occupation that employed women in 2006 ¬. Similar to many traditionally female professions, the percentage of male in nursing is small. In fact, male nurses only comprised eight percent of RN’s in 2008. Although much effort has been made to recruit more men into nursing, many contributing factors have driven them away from this profession. Those factors include poor nursing image, negative public perception, low economic status, and gender stereotypes. One of the most significant factors that deter men from entering the profession is stereotypes. Research shows that men might be more likely to encounter stereotypes than discrimination; however, gender discrimination throughout the society still exists, which may discourage them from entering the profession. Gender segregation has separated male nurses into the minority group that faces many obstacles within the professio n, in which negative stereotypes are the primary obstacle for men who want to enter the nursing force. Although women historically have been the majority in the nursing workforce, the earliest record of male nurses known to perform nursing duties was between the fourth and fifth centuries. The first removal of men in nursing noted in the sixteenth century due to the destruction of many monastic institutions . In the mid-nineteenth century, Florence Nightingale initiated the idea of nursing as an exclusively woman’s profession. Nightingale believed only women had the capability to do nursing work because it was natural to them. Her vision caused the complete dissolution of male workforce in nursing . Only until 1955, for the first time, the military allowed men to se... ...ity Indianapolis, 2005), pp. 51, 52, 65. Web 12, April. 2012. https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/1675 â€Å"What is Behind HRSA's Projected Supply, Demand, and Shortage of Registered Nurses?† Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA, 2004). Web 22, April. 2012. http://dwd.wisconsin.gov/healthcare/pdf/behind_the_shortage.pdf Williams, Christine. â€Å"The Glass Escalator: Hidden Advantages for Men in the ‘Female’ Professions.† Social Problems (1992), pp. 227-240 â€Å"Women's Bureau (WB) – 20 Leading Occupations of Employed Women.† U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2006). Web 22, April. 2012. http://www.dol.gov/wb/factsheets/20lead2006.htm â€Å"Women’s Bureau – Quick Facts on Registered Nurses (RNs).† U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2007). Web 22, April. 2012. http://www.dol.gov/wb/factsheets/Qf-nursing-08.htm

Global Communications

For many companies, how they should survive in a changing market is very important to them and often results in many difficult decisions being made. These decisions can include whether to lay off employees, outsourcing some work to other countries, pay and benefit cuts, and many other concerns. Since this is the case, companies such as Global Communications have very serious issues that must be resolved in the best interest of the future of the company while still ensuring that the employees and others that have some stake in the company are treated fairly and in the best way possible. In order to understand some of the problems that Global Communications is facing, it is important to understand the issues of globalization and outsourcing, which is the act of sending work to other countries because of less expensive labor costs in those countries. There will be three main topics that will be addressed in the paper. These include outsourcing and globalization and their effects on a company, leadership concerns when it comes to IT, and the problems that are faced between companies and unions when they have difficulties in resolving issues based on contracts and other concerns. Many of the new technologies that are created and implemented today are often promoted by the suppliers and are only through channels that actually reach fellow technologists such as managers that specifically deal with management information systems (Connolly, 2004). This does not help those that are designed to lead organizations do their job effectively. These individuals learn about the new technology but quite often they do not know about the problems and challenges that are faced by middle management and other end users, such as front-desk employees (Connolly, 2004). Not only are they not aware of the challenges and problems that are being faced and should be handled but they do not know how to present the various capabilities of these new technological products to the individuals that will be using them (Connolly, 2004). The role of the leader should be much more than what it is in many companies, and therefore it is important to look at the problems that leaders face when it comes to information technology. Most of these problems come about from what was mentioned above – individuals that are too technology-minded and do not take the time to explain things to leaders and others that might not understand some of the technical terminology, but would certainly understand what is needed and what they should have. A system can then be designed around that, but many individuals that work with and understand technology do not look at this type of issue. Leadership, however, is not the only issue. The outsourcing of many companies to other countries is also one of the main problems for many companies that feel that they need to expand and need cheaper labor to do so. The plight of the American worker is something that has been lamented throughout history for various reasons. Some of these reasons were really more significant than others, and some of the reasons were simply complaints that the workers felt that they could get away with. However, outsourcing is somewhat different than just a workers' complaint. The reason behind this is that outsourcing affects so many different people for various reasons. From the poorly-skilled immigrant that is desperate for a job to the corporate executive that loses his job because there is no longer anyone for him to supervise, outsourcing can affect almost everyone. Those that use outsourcing companies do not have to pay these temporary individuals the same type of salaries that they would pay to keep their full-time workers, nor do they have to pay them any type of benefits. Many people are concerned that outsourcing might cost them their jobs that others wonder if outsourcing is simply a trend that is passing through. Many business owners are also asking themselves whether outsourcing actually works and whether the company that they own should offer services that are outsourced or contract out some of their departments for outsourcing. This is especially true of many companies when it comes to the aforementioned information technology (Clark, 2004). Individuals that work in the telecom services dealing with information technology, call centers, and other similar issues are becoming more interested in outsourcing, or what is sometimes known as offshoring (Clark, 2004). Those that work as agents in call centers and those that work as engineers in information technology are becoming very concerned about this issue as well because many of the jobs that they hold or want to hold in the future are being sent to other countries (Clark, 2004). The issue came up recently in the last presidential election debate because the idea of keeping jobs here is very important to the American public but there are also good reasons to outsource specific jobs. Most people believe that outsourcing is a relatively new concept but this is simply not the case. Starting as far back as the 1950s the United States contracted many manufacturing programs with various Asian countries (Clark, 2004). The outsourcing area that is often called offshore has generally become synonymous with the idea of losing many American jobs to India (Clark, 2004). A survey that was recently taken by a human resources consulting firm found that information technology is the largest area for outsourcing. Over 67 percent of the companies that outsource utilize this for information technology, 49 percent of them utilize outsourcing for customer relations, 41 percent of them for the processes in the supply chain, and 42 percent of them for manufacturing (Clark, 2004). The survey, which looked at 500 corporations, found that approximately 45 percent were utilizing some type of outsourcing model that dealt with a global level or they planned to introduce this type of sourcing model within the next three years (Clark, 2004). There are risks to human capital that also come along with outsourcing jobs. Typically, saving money in a business by outsourcing jobs generally means that American employees must be laid off. As this trend continues and grows stronger labor unions and other employee groups are paying much more attention to what type of relationship is seen between unemployment and outsourcing (Pagach, 2004). There are many cases of employee groups becoming much more vocal on the issue and taking the concerns that they have to federal and state politicians hoping to encourage initiatives in the Legislature that would stop or reduce the outsourcing arrangements that can be made with companies offshore (Pagach, 2004). Naturally, there is also an information technology risk, once again because there is a great deal of expense that often takes place with the infrastructure and because the use of information technology makes keeping the secret and confidential items confidential somewhat more difficult (Pagach, 2004). The specifications for much of the technology that is needed may be very strict and some developing countries might not have everything they need in order to ensure that the technology that they are using is up-to-date enough to handle what they will be doing for a particular company (Pagach, 2004). Even though there are many concerns, however, there are also opportunities that can be seen from these issues. In regards to outsourcing, many other countries (in this case Ireland and India) can do certain activities or create certain goods less expensively than the United States can. Because of this, sending some work to these countries can help the profitability of the company that does so, and can also help that same company hire other workers that have more technical jobs and higher salaries. Some of these individuals can be hired from the money that is saved when the company outsources other jobs. For leadership, there are many ways that individuals can better themselves as leaders, and dealing with outsourcing and other IT issues can help leaders grow and change. This can be very significant, not only for the leaders, but for those that follow them and look up to them. Problems with labor unions are also significant, as they can also be very difficult and cause many problems. For those that must work with labor unions, there are opportunities to renegotiate issues and problems, and to come to a better understanding of what each party to the transaction actually needs from the other party, which is sometimes difficult to understand. The opportunities that are presented by the challenges that are faced by Global Communications are very significant, but in addition to these opportunities, one must also be aware of the stakeholders that are involved. Not only do the leaders of the company have a stake in what is happening with the company and where it is going in the future, but the workers in that company also have a stake in what is going on and what will happen later. Those that work with the company from other companies that exchange goods and services are also stakeholders, because what one company does might affect other companies that it works with. Those that lose their jobs because of the outsourcing often feel rejected and as though they lost everything. Those that end up ‘taking' those jobs in another country then become stakeholders as well, interested in hanging onto the jobs that they have acquired and hopeful that the company will continue to prosper so that they can keep their jobs. Others may become stakeholders in the future, if the company expands and brings more people in to work for it. All of the stakeholders and worthwhile individuals, and all of them have rights that the company must be careful not to tamper with as it goes about the changes that it chooses to make. As for the actual statement of the problem, it must address many issues, since there are three significant concerns that were discussed above. However, that must also be condensed into one statement so that it is easier to define. Knowing this, the statement of the problem is as follows: The issues of outsourcing and globalization, labor union concerns, and proper IT leadership are all significant concerns that must be addressed by Global Communications if the company is to continue to expand, keep its employees content, and ensure that the transitions that it makes goes as smoothly as possible. This type of problem statement is very open-ended and allows for a future that has many different ways of providing multiple opportunities for the company in the future. There are a significant number of different things that Global Communications can do to implement the changes that they wish to make in the future, and the goal for them is to ensure that they implement these changes in such a way that they are the least harmful to the largest number of individuals. As for end-state goals for Global Communications, these are somewhat more specific than the problem statement. The goals for this company are to: expand their business by outsourcing some of their work to India and Ireland; move as many people as possible to other jobs so that they will not be laid off; and work with the union to provide a satisfactory answer to the problems that are being faced. In order to do these things, Global Communications must work very hard and be willing to listen to and discuss new ideas and opinions. If the company is not willing to do this, it is quite likely that they will fail in at least one of their goals. Since leadership, outsourcing, and labor union difficulties are all concerns for Global Communications, and it has been seen how significant these issues can be, the company has no real choice but to work with others in such a way that as many people as possible can benefit from the changes. This will not be an easy road for the company, but it appears as though the labor union struggle will be the most difficult. If the outsourcing is done well and carefully and the leadership of the company is strong, it is likely that the labor union can actually reach an agreement with the company that everyone can live with. Clark, R. 2004. The real cost of outsourcing: turning over IT operations, call centers and network maintenance often involves more than service providers bargained for. America's Network. Clark, R. 2004. The real cost of outsourcing: turning over IT operations, call centers and network maintenance often involves more than service providers bargained for. America's Network.

Mobile Phone Disadvantage

Mobile phones are an invention of this current century that many people never believed would come to be the technological sensation that it has become today. If you only look back a few years, a mobile phone was actually considered a luxury and not the necessity that it has come to be. It was certainly not affordable by everyone. And then suddenly out of nowhere almost everyone has a mobile phone and not many can imagine a life without it. It seems that everyone is carrying a cell phone, no matter who you are, your age, student, businessman and we have become a nation and world of cell phone addicts. It is for a fact that having a mobile phone now a days is a sort of a necessity and it is an inevitable truth that mobile industry is taking everyone by a storm. From the very basic thing of making a call to texting, and now internet access for just a touch of your finger tips. Regardless any negative issue mobile phone had given a very big impact to this generation to improve everything. Do you have one of these? or do you know somebody who enjoys having such stuff? I do have one of those too and I wont deny the fact that I enjoys using them. There are a lot of advantages and dis advantages of using this kind of device. It is actually depend on the user itself weather he or she want to use it properly and make their life easier or the other way round which mean to use this helpful device for a negative purposes. In here there are some advantages which is coming from mobile phone that really help human for their daily business. Moreover a negative aspect also must be highlighted to ensure that all the mobile phone users will aware that this such a small device can drive them to a disaster. Emergencies As we are aware that mobile phone can be use any time, any where by clicking a few button it can be connected to a person that we want to. For example, If we are suddenly involved in an emergency of some type, which is very hard for us to find a public phone or go to somewhere for a help, by having this kind of devices we have almost immediate access to emergency services such as the police, fire or medical services. If there is a dangerous person on the loose in any certain neighbourhood law enforcement can contact each of us with instructions on what to do to stay safe. Information involving an Amber Alert or weather alerts can be almost instantly spread community or state-wide. In a certain kind of emergency which people need some evidence to prove, they can just take or record the situation through their mobile phone and keep it inside a memory or the more advance method the user can just upload online through any channel on internet. Here we can see how effective this technology which can update an instant info without any restriction. Therefore it can prove mobile phone can be use to avoid crime, to help people in emergency and perhaps it can help your self whenever you need it. Wireless Communications As far as we are concern mobile phone can keep a lot of data in it, which mean we can keep our contact, picture, song, video and etc. With this kind of ability it prove how powerful this device which mean by a single click it will show our family contact, it shows our friend contact and by a single click it can show your picture which can remind you on your family friends and those you know. In here it prove that We have the ability to stay in touch with our families and closest friends at all times through wireless texting, email and actually talking to each other. Moreover this time the technology is improve more advance which you can straight away make a video contact live on the phone. Even the distance is far, it will not isolate you and it will help human to keep in touch to any one that we want to. Not only use for those that we know, mobile phone is very useful for those who are running a business and highly important for education. In some cases, this could be also a disadvantage but for now it will be listed as an advantage. Safety Feature For those who live alone, or the elderly or disabled it is almost a safety feature as these people can be checked on during the day by family or neighbors. Or if they have an emergency they can immediately get help. By carrying this small communication device with them there are no more reasons to be stuck after a fall lying on the floor with no help insight. Families of these same people do not have to have someone with them all the time anymore as it often was in the past. But just as it is with everything else in life, with the advantages come the disadvantages. For every one advantage there are several disadvantages. Driving and Cell Phones Cell phones have become a bit of a hazard when in the car. Text messaging and answering or making a call with the phone while driving have already killed many people due to car accidents. In fact some states have passed laws against texting or using a cell phone while driving. There are devices where the phone can be hooked up to the car's sound system so when the phone rings you can touch a button on the steering wheel and the call will go through the car sound system allowing you to communicate while still having your eyes on the road. Health Hazard There have been more incidents of cancer of the brain since the use of cell phones have become so wide-spread but health officials are not sure if this is due to cell phone use. The phone does omit some very low, non-toxic levels of radiation so it would be a reasonable deduction that those who are heavy cell phone users could develop some health effects. Stress Level For some people, perhaps more than we realize, constantly being connected to a ringing phone can be quite stressful. As long as that cell phone is with us, we can never have any time alone and that time of calm is necessary to unwind sometimes. So, as with everything new there are advantages and disadvantages of having a mobile phone. Just as everything in life – every new technology brings advantages and disadvantages. And this is certainly true of mobile phones.

Different Theoretical Approaches Essay

Examine how the different theoretical approaches have explained the changes that the family has historically gone through. The family is a universal institution present in every society throughout the world. For many, the family seems a familiar and comfortable institution, but this can appear in many different forms. A particular type of family is the ‘nuclear’ family; this consists of parents and children living together in the same household. The ‘conventional nuclear’ family comprises of a married man and woman with their biological children living together, this type of family is often dubbed ‘the cereal packet family’ where the male is the breadwinner and the female a homemaker. Another family type is the ‘extended’ family which includes all kin beyond the nuclear family e.g. Grandparents, Aunts or Uncles etc. Other family types include; Patriarchal families, Reconstituted or (step) families and Loan Parent Families, all of wh ich are alternatives to the traditional nuclear family. The family has been the focus of study for many different sociologists, all of which can be criticized in some form.Throughout this essay I am going to examine how the different theoretical approaches explain how family structures and the roles of individuals within them have changed in relation to each of the historical stages that Western society is said to have developed through. There is an underlying assumption amongst sociologists that ‘hunter-gatherer’ bands were the first forms of society. Although these were large communal groups the structure of the ‘nuclear’ family was seen to be present within them. In order to survive the need for team work was essential and therefore separate conjugal roles were necessary. Female mobility was limited due to the impact of child birth and child rearing so they were responsible for gathering nuts and berries from the land whilst the male role was go and hunt for food. Anthropologists studying ‘hunter-gathere r’ societies still in existence today such as The Hadza from Tanzania support this view and speculate this was once the way of life in every society. Functionalist Gary Lees believed the nuclear family unit was optimal within ‘hunter-gatherer’ societies as they needed to be mobile in order to move around and search for food. Marxist sociologist Friedrich Engels argued that because the means of production was owned communally then the family as such did not exist. He refers to this an era of ‘primitive  communism’ characterised by promiscuity. There were no rules limiting the number of sexual relationships so therefore society was in effect ‘the family’. (Holborn, 2004) Feminist sociologists tended to agree with the Marxist view but saw the roots of traditional conjugal roles such as childbirth and child-rearing as a disadvantage to women. The next stage in the development of society is referred to as the ‘pre-industrial’ stage. This stage of history saw a shift towards agricultural based societies. William Goode (1963) believed that the extended family was only appropriate with in this type of society due to the amount of Labour intensive work needed to be carried out. Functionalist Talcott Parsons agreed with this because the extended family system had more people available to carry out the wide variety of functions required. (Owens, n.d.) A study entitled ‘Family and community in Ireland’ (1968) Arensberg and Kimball found that kinship ties were still extremely strong but the basic unit was that of the extended family. They believe that the traditional Irish farming family is a ‘patriarchal extended family, due to considerable authority of the male head; the family is patrilineal because property is passed down the male family line. This has been criticised by Peter Laslett who examined parish records which provided evidence to indicate that in fact only 10% of pre-industrial families included kin beyond the nuclear family. (Owens, n.d.). Michael Young and Peter Wilmott conducted a study attempting to trace the development of the family from pre-industrial England to the 1970s. They suggest the family develops through four stages, they described the first stage family as one that works together as a unit of production; husband, wife and unmarried children work together as team. Materialist feminist Sylvia Walby believed that economic relations and inheritance of property were a major source of female disadvantage. The period of industrialisation is associated with urbanisation and the growth of factory based industry. Talcott Parsons argued that the family is ‘structurally isolated’ because relationships with other kin are a matter of choice and as the nuclear family contained the basic roles of mother, father and children needed to carry out the essential functions then the extended family of pre-industrial times was no longer required. He believed the family had emerged due to a process structural differentiation society had gone through and due to development of more specialised institutions there are fewer functions  needing to be perform ed by the family and therefore the family ceases to become an economic unit of production. (Holborn, 2004) However other sociologists such as Michael Anderson (1971) believed that industrialisation actually increased the need for extended family because as people moved into towns they moved in with relatives in order to find comfort and security. Community studies of working class neighbourhoods in the twentieth century such as Dennis et al’s study of a Yorkshire mining village (1956) and Jeremy Tunstall’s study of Hull trawler men (1962) all featured similar conclusions of extended family life and support. (Owens, n.d.) Wilmott and Young referred to this as their Stage two families which began with the industrial revolution. In this stage families cease to be a unit of production and become employed as individual wage earners. They believe due to low wages and high unemployment families extended their nuclear networks to include extended family networks, this provided them financial security against hardship. They believed this was the tie between mother and married daughter they used as a defence due to the conjugal bond within the nuclear family being so weak, due to the males in the relationship choosing to spend more time away from the family unit. Some people have argued that as industrialisation and modernisation proceeded, kinship-based society and the extended family broke up and the nuclear family emerged as the dominant form. This family has often been referred to as ‘the cereal packet family’. The role of father also saw a shift towards a more family based role and the conjugal bond was strong. Post-industrial times have seen a decline in factory based industry and a rise in people choosing to work within the service sector. The big question now is whether or not the ‘family is in decline?’ Patterns of family life have changed dramatically over recent years. One reason for this is the rise in divorce rates as changes to laws have meant that it is much easier for people to get divorced than it was in the past, also a change in attitude has meant that there is no longer the social stigma around attached with divorce. The development of the state and a rise in women workers means that women no longer have to rely on a male for financial support. Feminist Germaine Greer sees divorce has been good for women as they no longer have to accept living in an unhappy marriage. In conclusion I believe that there has been a widespread change in family structures over time, but I believe this is due more due to cultural changes  and a more widespread knowledge and acceptance of the different types of family that exists. Bibliography Holborn, H. a., 2004. Sociology themes and perspectives. 6th ed. s.l.:Harpercollins. Owens, R., n.d. Families and Households -Changing Structure. Sociology factsheet.

Education Among the Pakistani Women Essay

Introduction Education is perhaps the main source of human intellectual development and a critical factor pertaining to standard of living. Education here refers to all instructions received by a child, whether at home, playground, or school. Continuous increase in population and declining assets in public education give birth to a serious dilemma for developing countries. Like most of rest of the developing world, Pakistan is known to be a male dominated country and ranks as the seventh most populous of the world. The sex ratio is 105.7 men to every 100 women, with an overall literacy rate of only 45%; 56.5 percent for males and 32.6 percent for females in 1998 (Jehan, 2000). For centuries women have been battling for equality, yet the society continues to shape the stereotypical view of women and is responsible for the lower status of women. This paper aims to explore the factors obstructing Pakistani women, specifically in rural areas where they cannot acquire education. The consequences they face due to lack of academic opportunities are also discussed alongside an elaborate analysis pertaining to various sociological concepts introduced in the course. This is an ongoing cultural and political issue, which reflects the corrupt government and extreme subjective interpretations of the religious doctrines. The status of Pakistani women reflects the complex interplay of many factors such as social, cultural, and religious views. In addition, the gender biases, geographical regions, and social classes pose several difficulties for Pakistani women. Lack of education quite obviously hinders their practicality in the workforce along with increased unawareness about health and failure to access legal rights for mistreatment from the male dominating society. The social and cultural perspective of Pakistani society is primarily patriarchal. At a very early stage men and women are divided into two separate worlds, this becomes a way of life. For women home is defined as being the lawfully ideological space whereas, the men dominate the world outside the home. This false ideological discrimination between inside and outside worlds is supported by the notion of honor and the tradition of purdah (veil, the seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers) in Pakistan (Country Briefing Paper, 2000). The male honor is associated with the women’s sexual behaviour, the family’s honor hold great emphasis on women’s sexuality. Although the women are not prohibited from working, at the same time they are supposed to firmly follow the rules of morality. They may feel a role strain, to be a â€Å"good† daughter or wife or to have the right to do a job they wish to do. Status is defined by your social location, and women in general face everyday prejudice because of their gender. Pakistan, being a developing country, has a lower overall status in the world. Pakistani women have many statuses; one being a â€Å"Pakistani†, this however is an achieved or ascribed social position. Meaning it can be attained either by taking birth in the country, or by applying to become a citizen. Being Pakistani is not her only social position, when she’s born; she’s a daughter (ascribed status), when she gets married; she’s a wife (achieved status), and then when she has children she’s a mother (achieved status). The status in terms of just occupying a position; the 3 different statues that the Pakistani women achieve are daughter, wife, and mother. She is not known for anything other than that. Rarely are they known for ‘working women’, or any kind of job positions. The culture looks at them as nothing more, nor are they supposed to have any other status. Status in terms of prestige or honour; for centuries women have been fighting for equality, equal rights, honour, and respect; despite all of that, it is still an ongoing struggle. Pakistani women have an ascribed lower status, this means that women don’t earn or work towards being a lower status; they are given it by birth. Most Pakistani families yearn for a son, so he could handle the family business, but on receiving a daughter, they are ashamed. Hence this starts her being worthless in the eyes of her parents. As she grows older, the neighbours start to look at her that way, and so forth. Eventually the society looks at her that way and therefore, it becomes a norm, or part of an ideology. A Pakistani women’s life particularly in rural areas is a journey of subordination. As a woman is growing up she must listen to her father who decides whether she obtains education and who she would marry. After marriage her husband and in-laws are the decision makers on her behalf, who mainly decide how many children she would have and whether she is allowed to work outside the household. In a woman’s senior years her sons decide the fate for the rest of her remaining life. This is the norm in Pakistan; the behavioral expectations of women are to listen to the males that dominate their lives. Furthermore the entire society acts as an oppressor imposing stereotypical roles upon them. As such, daughter, wife, mother: in all three of these roles, the woman is expected to be sexually ‘pure’, that is, not to commit any acts of adultery. In all three, she must protect her family’s honor by learning conventional general labor skills, exquisite manners, and modest dressing. Women are part of a loop: this loop starts from being a daughter, being a wife, and finally a mother; it ends in the mother giving birth to another daughter who must now follow her mother’s footsteps and live a life reminiscent to that of her mother. This social structure reflects the roles of women in a shocking new light, a light that barely, if not at all, reaches the west. The daughter’s role: starts when she is born into the family. Her role in her family is to clean the house, take care of the chorus alongside her mother, serve food, and if she’s lucky, go to school in a very unhygienic, little populated school. She is to get married at a very early age and this often results in her not finishing her education. Her father decides whom she should marry; this is a process with both cultural and religious significance. According to Islam, it is already written to whom you will marry. By the father being the person who decides, that gives him the â€Å"higher authority† or â€Å"higher status† as the daughter must be handed over by a wali (the present caretaker, either her oldest brother or father). The role of the wife: in most sense the role of the wife is very similar to that of the daughter; she is supposed to keep the honour of the husband by keeping quiet, following his lead, and implicitly being a slave. The role of mother: this is when the daughter learns to take all the cultural guidelines and the norms and apply it on her children. Thus the cycle starts all over again. In order for this cycle to break the women need to view their roles in perceptive of the bigger picture. They need to realize that they have voices and that they can change their faith. Though this does not mean going against their religion, but to fight for their rights in a politically corrupted governing system. Acquiring academic and career planning resources is definitely a constructive and logical start to absolving them from this loop. Conversely, the political and cultural infrastructure most definitely tries to thwart these efforts. The implications of these cultural requirements and lack of education for women’s economic activities are catastrophic. The female labour force participation is known to be the second lowest for Pakistan in the world (Jehan, 2000). Their high contribution in agriculture and the informal sector of work tends to go unrecorded by the statistics. However, in the poorest regions, some opportunities occur for women to work outside areas for domestic services such as sweepers, construction workers, and hired labourers. Women are also restricted to several industries such as textiles, food and beverages and pharmaceuticals. This norm guides the social behavior of Pakistani women, where they cannot acquire high paid jobs and limits women to jobs that are lowest paid and require less mobility. These gender-defined roles vary from the geographical region in which they reside, where some areas are stricter. The main concern is the lack of education among the rural areas limiting their working capabilities. The total number of females with less than primary education is 18% (Ibraz, 1993). The situation is better in urban areas where women have overcome some of the traditional restrictions due to educational facilities. Another factor that restricts Pakistani females from acquiring higher level of education is the traditional rule of marrying them at an early age. The average age of marriage is stated at 17 years for females (Ibraz, 1993). After marriage the beliefs of the husband interfere; resulting in his social behavior of making his wife take care of the household and his family rather than continuing with further education or working outside the household. Cultural ideas such as protecting the family’s honor result in women barely communicating with men outside th eir family. If any communication is necessary, they adjust their religious headgear to make sure that proper protocol is followed and communicate only with minimal eye contact and enthusiasm. Another cultural idea such as honor killings also encourages males to warn females of the consequences of not following the norms and of course, encourage them even more to carry out an execution if the woman is in fact found guilty. Also, in rural areas, a common cultural idea is that education encourages women to rebel against their respective families. This furthermore advocates the practice of not wasting money sending girls to school. Social identity: women who are brave and resourceful enough to leave their families are marked as ‘heathen’ or ‘witchy’. Other females in the neighbourhood are forbidden to socialize with them. Therefore, a common tool to dominate women who do rebel is to take away all social identity from them or in worse cases, demeaning their social identity through media propagandas and common word of mouth. This is a very potent technique; it makes other women (who are in sync with ‘norms’ ) disrespect and look down on those that actually stood up to the discriminating societal structure. The male dominating ideology, therefore, persists. The health indicators of Pakistani women are among the worst in the world. Pakistan is known to be one of the few countries where the life expectancy of males exceeds the females. One in every 38 women die due to pregnancy related complications (Annual Report, 2009). The health of the Pakistani women was never considered a priority because woman as a gender are not culturally, traditionally, or religiously given equal status in the society. The health system relies on this gender inequality and is hesitant to adopt policies to help improve women’s health. Lack of awareness among the female population allows them to accept the mistreatment from the system. They are more likely to approach different methods of treatments themselves. More than 80% women are delivered at home in the presence of unskilled birth attendants (Annual Report, 2009). Social and domestic control over women’s sexuality, their economic dependence on men, and restrictions on their mobility establish the health services provided to males and females. Furthermore, honour killings, rape, and illegal trafficking of women are prevalent across much of the country. Women in Pakistan are seen as a representative of the men’s honour to whom they belong; they are responsible for guarding their virginity and chastity. If a woman is superficially having an illicit sexual relationship, she degrades the family honor and looses the right to life (Amnesty International, 1999). In response the man publicly reveals his power to safeguard his honour by killing the women that have damaged it, these acts are done openly. Brutal punishments are reported for bringing food late, for answering back, and even for undertaking forbidden family visits. Extreme measures such as honour killings take place for several matters. Conveying the desire to choose a spouse and marrying a partner of their own choice is an act of disobedience since most marriages are supposed to be arranged by fathers. Divorce is seen as a public rebelliousness and women must be punished for restoring male honour. Rape among the Pakistani women is seen as a highly shameful event and thus rape victims are also executed. The Government of Pakistan has failed to take any measures against the honour killings (Amnesty International, 1999). The political institution is flawed; the law and government that are supposed to protect their people from harm’s way; institutionalized corruption. To give women a lower status and view them as unequal is prejudice. It is institutionalized for a Pakistani woman to follow the authority of the man, since he is superior to. It is a practice to look down upon women in Pakistan as it became a norm. An example of such injustice is a story of rape victim named Shazia Khalid. She was a medical doctor, who got married and was offered a job by a government run facility. Her husband worked outside the country, she was staying at the facility that was secured by the members of the military. She was repeatedly raped overnight and then silenced by the military as they would not allow the police to investigate. To avoid embarrassment of the military, General Musharraf, the president of Pakistan, declared the rapist innocent. They further attacked Shazia by suggesting she was a prostitute. At this point Shazia attempted suicide but thankfully was saved by her child’s request. Her story increased media’s attention and further humiliated the president of the country, her family was asked to leave the country by the order of the government. They decided to immigrate to Canada but because immediate actions were required they were told to reside in England where they will be further assisted by the government to move to Canada. When landing at England they were abandoned by the government and are living on welfare waiting from their admission to Canada (McKenna, 2006). Egocentrism plays a big role in the hearts of Pakistani men. Their pride and honor has a prestige status; meaning its worth more whereas a woman’s life is worthless. They created this norm shared by the society. In deciding not to follow the norm results in negative sanctions. Due to the institutionalized corruption many Pakistani women have taken a toll to fight for their rights. Diverse groups including the Women’s Action Forum, the Pakistan Women Lawyers’ Association, the All-Pakistan Women’s Association and the Business and Professional Women’s Association, are supporting projects throughout the country that focus on empowering women. They have been involved in such activities as instituting legal aid for indigent women, opposing the gendered segregation of universities, and publicizing and condemning the growing incidents of violence against women. ( Group, strict)The progressive women’s association (PWA) and the all Pakistan women’s association (APWA) is comprised of educated individuals; an example of their political struggle is the attempt to change the hadood ordinances law in Pakistan regarding rape. They are quite effective as they are setting the milestone for women standing up for their rights in the country. Conclusion In light of arguments presented in the paper, the low status of Pakistani women can be attributed to lack of education and cultural values. The consequences are very negative: inequality in the workforce, poor health, and marriage at young age with high fertility and childbearing mortality. Pakistani women lagging behind in education are not aware of their legal rights and are forced to focus on obligations of family life. Although this paper is geared mainly towards the women in rural areas of Pakistan, the cultural and traditional aspect of life imposed on women still persists in middle and higher classes, merely less strict. Hence, there is definitely a big gap between the loose group of women and the strict group of women. Consequently, a solution to the issue can also be portrayed as bridging the gap between these two respective groups. Assistance from the global community will be required to educate different populations to invoke change. Resources APA style Annual Report. (2009). Health of women in Pakistan. Society of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists of Pakistan. Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (JPMC). Amnesty International. (1999). Pakistan, Honour Killings of Girls and Women. Country Briefing Paper, Women in Pakistan. (2000). Situation Analysis of Women in Pakistan: An overview Ibraz, Tassawar S. Fatima, Anjum. (1993). Uneducated and Unhealthy: The Plight of Women in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review. 32:4 Part II, pp. 905-915 Jehan, Qamar. (2000). Role of Women in Economic Development of Pakistan. University Of Balochistn. McKenna, Terence. (Feb-Mar 2006). In Dept Pakistan: Pakistan, Land, Gold, Women. CBC news. Retrieved from: http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/pakistan/mckenna_pakistan.html Munir, Shafqat. (2001). Institutionalized Exploitation of Women as Negative Impact of Globalization. Journalists for Democracy and Human Rights† (JDHR) Pakistan.

Protection and Conservation of the Yosemite National Park and its Essay

Protection and Conservation of the Yosemite National Park and its architecture - Essay Example Protection and Conservation of the Yosemite National Park and its architecture Some of the places are Mariposa Grove, Curry Village, Parsons Memorial Lodge, Wawona Lodge and they represent a vital part of American history. With steep cuts in funding and the budget, it will be impossible to maintain the places. In the next few paragraphs, I will try to explain the architectural significance and cultural importance of these places. Curry Village: Curry Village is an unincorporated community based in the Mariposa County of Yosemite national park. The camp had its origins in 1899 when David Curry and Jenny Foster set up a tented camp for which they had obtained permission and rights. It was a bed and meal camp for 2 USD/ day. The camp gradually extended and it now includes wooden cabins for visitors, dining rooms, lodge and a post office. The architecture includes heritage grade structures such as rustic wood framed cabins with hipped roofs that are installed on stone foundation. Some of the old structures still available are the 1914 entrance, the registration off ice of 1904, the dance hall built in 1913, the Foster Curry cabin constructed in 1916 along with the Mother Curry Bungalow of 1917 and other structures. These are unique structures untouched by today’s commercial constructions and remind us of how our forefathers lived in the past century (Curry Cabin, 1978). Please refer to the following figure that shows the Curry Cabin. Figure 1. Curry Cabin at Yosemite Park (Curry Cabin, 1978) Parsons Memorial Lodge: The Parsons Memorial Lodge was built in 1915 by the Sierra Club in the Yosemite national park. It is one of the first structures built of stone in the park and it was built in memory of Edward Parsons, one of the clubs directors. The architecture is worth noting since it encloses 1400 square feet area and this is a one story structure. The walls are constructed with rubble masonry and concrete core with gray granite, pink feldspar for the mortar. While the base is more than thee feet, it gradually tapers to two foot at the to p. A strong stone archway is used for the door and the low pitch roof is made of peeled log rafters. Interior and exterior log braces are rested on the external buttresses. Smaller peeled logs are placed on top of the rafter logs. It is regarded as a National Historic Landmark (Parsons Memorial Lodge, 2010). Please refer to the following image of the structure. Figure 2. Parsons Memorial Lodge (Parsons Memorial Lodge, 2010) Wawona Lodge: The Wawona Hotel was built in 1876 at Wawona in the Yosemite national park. The Victorian style hotel was meant to house tourists who visited the Mariposa Grove and other areas of the park. The structure is made of seven buildings with a circular drive and centered fountains. The external walls are aligned to the four cardinal directions. The buildings have a wood frame construction with painted exteriors. There are multiple porches and decorative woodwork. The architectural importance is that it is the largest Victorian hotel complex in America. Th e format used has a rural placement while the buildings have a Greek Revival style, stick style and Eastlake styles, evident in railings, brackets, cornice returns and decorative balustrades. Most of furniture are period pieces though not antique (HABS, 2010). Please refer to the following image of the hotel. Figure 3. Wawona Hotel, Yosemite National Park (HABS, 2010) Mariposa Grove: The Mariposa Grove is one of the natural wonders of Yosemite Park. The grove is made up of more than 30 giant